Julius and I did our presentation on juicing. In juicing we learned Juicing is a mechanical process for extracting vitamins, minerals and other natural fluids from raw fruits and vegetables. This process takes a solid such as a fruit or a vegetable and after the process you are left with liquid only. Juicing is different from eating the whole product because The extracted liquid contains the majority of the vitamins, minerals, and other substances present in a fruit or vegetable.   These are also known as Phytonutrients. juicing takes all the natural substances from fruits and vegetables leaving behind the less nutrient rich solid fibers.   No artificial chemicals are present or added to the juice, including preservatives.   Being highly perishable, one must drink the juice right away.   However, it is significantly better than store bought juice as it has not been processed or pasteurized. Nor is there a need to add sugar or ingredients to improve its natural taste,  possibly detracting from the Juice’s health benefits. WE also learned that there are two types of fibers present when juicing. Insoluble fibers helps to keep one's bowel movements regular, it also helps to fill you up and speeds up the passage of food through the digestive tract. Insoluble fiber include cellulose, and hemicellulose. The problem that occurs when juicing is that the insoluble fiber is not present in the drink. This can be solved by dumping the insoluble extract back into the juice. The stuff that is left into the juice is the soluble fibers. Soluble fibers help bacterial growth in the digestive tract. It also helps the body maintain a good blood sugar level and may help lower cholesterol. Another reason why juicing is good is because you can get the right amounts of fruit needed in one sitting. Because most people will not eat 4 cups of fruits and veggies per day.

Sheep Heart lab

1)The purpose of the pericardium is to protect the heart. It is the outer layer of the heart.

2) After observing the blood vessels connecting to the heart i saw that arteries differ from veins in their stucture because veins are smaller. Their functions differ because veins carry blood to the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

3)The function of the auricle that is placed inside the left and right atrium is increase capacity of atria.

4) The differences of the atria and ventricles is that the walla of ventricles are thicker and more muscular than the atria walls. Ventricles pump blood for heart.

7) The anchoring of the hearr valves by the chordae tendinae and pipillary muscles is important to the heart is it keeps blood from flowing backwards and keeps the valve blocked when blood tries to move backwards

9)The semilunar valves purpose is to not allow the blood to flow back from the arteries to the ventricles during the cardiac cycle. It also helps maintain the pressure put on the arteries. It separates the left ventricle from the opening of the aorta.

10) The valve disease occurs on the right side of heart, it results in swelling because the right side of the heart will affect the functioning of the structures, and one specific structure in the inferior vena cava.    

12)   The left side of the heart deals with oxygenated blood, the left ventricle walls are thicker and has to pump oxygenated blood. The left side recieves oxygenated blood from pulmonary cells, then pumps throughout the body cells. The right side contains SA AV nodes, recieves deoxygenated blood from body organs through the superior and inferior vena cava and returns the blood through the pulmonary artery.

Unit 3 Reflextion

I enjoyed this unit about the cardiovascular system. I enjoyed the activities and labs. My favorite one was obviously the sheep lab and disecting the heart of a sheep. Even though it was really hard and hands on and smelled bad it helped with my understanding of where things were located. We learned about blood, and pumping oxygfen through the body with kidneys and lungs. We also learned about how these organs can cause disease and get viruses if the body is not maintained correctly. The cardiovascular system works by pumping blood through your body for oxygen. This is the important because if you dont have the proper circulatory system than the consequences may be fatal. Cardiovascular health is a healthy blood pressure, healthey cholesterol and a good heart health. This all includes keeping heathey with the 5 pillars of health. Promoting cardiovascular health is not doing things to hurt your body such as smoking and drinking. Just like many people want to know, I want to learn more about the brain which still has not been discovered completely by scientist.

BLOOD PRESSURE

         Systolic is the top number and is always higher than the bottom number. It measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and the muscle contracts. The diastolic is the bottom number , which is lower of the two numbers. It measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats, when the muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood. Blood pressure can be found using a sethascope and a cuff with a air bulb. To measure heart rate you just find your pulse with your fingers. You can not use your thumb because it also has a pulse. To use the blood pressure cuff you first deflate the air bladder of the cuff and place it around your bicep tightly. Than with your other hand you hold the pump. Than inflate the cuff and watch the pressure. Once you cant hear the pulse anymore you stop pumping. At this point blood pressure is cut off. Than you open the valve and wait for a pshhhh sound.

 Heart rates               Test 1                            Test 2                             Average

Pulse rate(radial)        60                                   62                                   61

Pulse rate(Carotid)      59                                   61                                   60

Sethoscope                   50                                  52                                   51

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Blood pressure                         Subject 1                                      Subject 2

Blood pressure (Test 1)               122/83                                         120/65

Blood pressure (Test 2)               123/84                                         115/80

HEALTH

Health is very important in our daily lives. Health is the the measure of our bodys well being. We base our health off of the 5 pillars of health which are nutrition, exercise, sleep, stress and social. The body is healthy when levels of insulin, glycogen, leptin, and cortisol are all balanced. Nutrition is a very important thing. It is food that exerts a biological function in our body. The keys to a healthy diet is moderation and variety, adequete and balance. Nutrients dense is lots of nutrients for relativley low amounts of calories. Fibers consist of whole grains, fruits, veggies, Triglycerides is a source of most dietary fats. Exercise is also very important. It reduces risk of chronic disease and adverse health outcomes. There are 3 metabolic pathways. They are the phosphogen pathway, glycolitic, and oxidative pathway. Some of these depend on how high ones intensity is when working out. Intensity is also defined as MET. Sleep is a sensory shut down and you are no longer aware of the environment. REM is rapid eye movement. Humans need sleep in order to function properly or else they get sleep debt. It is very important for humans to be social because being social can renew old friendships, help you meet new people, and get invited to events. These all play a huge role in my life. I exercise every single day to stay healthy and it is just fun for me. I also sleep alot so that is good because of all the sports I do. My health goals from now on are to try new and healthier foods. I am a very picky person so trying new types of food is important for me especially healthy options.

Food Fight
By: Kelly D. Brownell
Chapter:Junk Food 101: Schools, commercialism, and unhealthy Eating

This chapter was a good reading because it talked about how students and schools do not realize what the effects of all the junk food they have is causing. In the book Brownell says that the schools are starting to look like 7/11's. She says how a majority of schools have vending machines that are filled up with junk food and soft drinks. These foods can also be called la carte foods. Which is foods that are not part of the core school lunch. She believes that kids decide to eat unhealthy because of all the unhealthy options that they are surrounded with. One school all went to McDonalds and had a fundraiser there and helped make the food and sell it. This is called "Food as a Fundraiser". She says that what parents see on a school menu is actually most likely not what the children are eating. They have to much of a variety to settle for some of the actual bland school food. Fewer than 15 % of school children get adequate servings of fruits and vegetables.

    In class we had a guest speaker come talk to us about nutrition. She gave us an assignment that involved us recording all the food that we ate within 3 days. Everyone had a different base of of much calories and fut they should be consuming a day. Mine was a little higher than others, but this is because I am an athlete and I exercize everyday. We also did a falcon market. In the falcon market we had different stations set up with different topics. I learned how to get the glycose index of a food. Also, that some of the places I eat food at such as starbucks, or taco bell, have healthier options than the ones I choose. I thought this was good to learn, because the food that I eat from restaurants is not always healthy. But now I know that I do have healthier options than what I choose.

       
         My diet could be better. I should be consuming more veggies everyday and I should Slow down on all the dairy and protein I eat. I recently learned that too much protein is not good. I always thought that I ate enough fruits and most of the time I do. I love fruit just because it replaces my dessert. I resort to fruit whenever I need a healthey alternative. After the three day food tracker I also learned that alot of the food I eat has empty calories. Maybe I do go overboard on eating food. But , I just think it is because I am a growing boy. I know now what I need to do to keep my nutrition up and keep a healthy balanced life style.

 

Health is very important to me. Especially because I am an athlete I have to stay healthy. I make sure I get my daily vitamins and nutritions. Based on the 5 pillars I stay true to most of them. I exersize plenty. About two and a half hours a day. I dont stress over things. I try to keep my mind under control. I sleep on an average of 8 1/2 hours a day. My nutrition is good but it could be better. If I cut down of some fast food stuff. I have lots of friends and i am a social person. Health is an important aspect of my life.

Health is an important aspect of my life. I love to go out and exersize everyday. My nutrients could use some work but it is not awful. I get a good amount of sleep everyday. I dont stress very much. I am a stress free guy. I love to go out and talk to people and hang out with my friends. I am not a shy person.

In this Unit we learned about anatomy and physiology. We learned about the anatomical terms. We also learned about biological molecules such as nucleic acid, proteins, lipids, carbs. We talked about peptide bonds. We did a review of cells, and all their parts.We did two sections of histology, which we learned about the four types of tissues. Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Something that I got good at was recognizing what kind of cells we were looking at under the microscopes. We did a big lab on it, in the lab we looked through several microscopes and saw different types of cells. I don't think that the next lesson needs to improved because in this one I enjoyed how we did labs and we were interactive and didn't just do notes all the time. Something that I learned that happens to me in real life is inflammation. In football when I get hit and bruise up, inflammation occurs as a healing process.

In this lab we learned about epithelial tissue, the connective tissue, the muscular, and nervous tissue. We looked through various slides and neatly drew what we saw. It ranged from all different kinds of tissue types. It was interesting to see what some of the slides looked like magnified. The drawings were not very easy but with some slow craftmons ship i got it done. It was interesting looking at what a lung human sample looked like. Also, we got to look into a bone and see what that looked like.

Sperm cells

The sperm cells are very small, only about .05 mm long, they are only that longbecause of its long tail like flagella.  Compared to the egg, one sperm volume  is much less than the egg’s volume.  The shape of the sperm has a small ovular head, connected to a long tail by a small part called the body.  The function of the sperm is single minded.  When ejaculated, they are supposed to swim as fast as possible to the egg in the fallopian tube, where it then penetrates the outer part of the egg in order to start the meiosis process and create a unique individual of the two gene donors.  The sperm is half of what is needed for reproduction in order to continue the human race.  The tail of the sperm cell is a modified flagella, which is used as a propeller for the sperm to swim towards the egg. The head is a spherical shape consisting of a large nucleus and a dome shaped acrosome.The acrosome releases a hyaluronidase enzyme. Sperm cells are not any of the four tissue types. It is a special exception.

Reflextion of sweetness lab

 Today I did the sweetness lab with julius. We lined up several different carbohydrates and then sampled them. WE jugded them on a scale of 0-200 based on the common one sucrose which was 100. 0 was the most bitter and then up to 200 would be considered the sweetest. I felt like monomers and disaccharides tended to be sweeter. The ones with more rings were more bitter , such as starch and cellulose.

Yes, for fructose, I taste it all the time in the food that I eat. Such as fruits and my sweet tea.

THere are taste cells in the taste buds. Taste buds have 50 to 100 taste cells inside of them. About a quarter of them respond to sweet stuff and another percent of them respond to things that are bitter, sour, and salty.

WORK CITED

http://scarboroughbiology4.pbworks.com/w/page/32343579/Structure%20and%20Function%20of%20Sperm%20Cells

http://www.biology.lifeeasy.org/95/what-is-the-structure-of-a-mature-human-sperm-cell

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/malereproductivesystem-121116191244-phpapp01/95/male-reproductive-system-22-638.jpg?cb=1353093286